Cancer Stem Cells
Emerging Therapeutic, Diagnostic and Market Opportunities
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| Tumours and haematological cancers contain small populations of cells that are believed to play a critical role in the development and progression of the disease. These cells, named Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs), have been found in leukaemia, myeloma, breast, prostate, pancreas, colon, brain and lung cancers. It is also thought that CSCs drive the metastatic spread of cancer. CSCs show resistance to a number of conventional therapies and it is believed that that this explains why it is difficult to completely eradicate the disease and why recurrence is an ever-present threat. If these findings are now confirmed in the clinic, the selective targeting of CSCs will offer a new paradigm in both cancer therapeutics and diagnostics. Currently there are more than 30 CSC R&D programmes in progress, around 50% of which are at Phase I or beyond. Patient data from the first clinical trials of drugs believed to target CSCs, are now being reported. Most CSC R&D programmes are being taken forward by SME's and > 90% of the 70 patents in this area (which more than doubled in 2007) have been filed by Universities. Substantial opportunity for collaboration is this field has recently lead to agreements between SMEs and major pharmaceutical companies. This includes a recent announcement of a collaboration between GSK and Oncomed Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | |
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By Dr John Bates / Publication Date: 20th June 2008
Contents:
Table of Contents
Executive Summary 6
Chapter 1 Cancer Stem Cells 13
1.1 Introduction 15
1.2 What are CSCs? 17
1.3 Different Cancers 17
1.4 Markets 19
1.5 Unmet Need 19
1.6 Research and Development 21
Chapter 2 Research and Development 24
2.1 Background 26
2.2 Research 28
2.3 Drug Development 29
Chapter 3 Drug Discovery 30
Summary 31
3.1 Thinking Differently 32
3.2 Resistance to Therapy 33
3.3 The Stem Cell Niche 35
3.4 Metabotropic Receptors 35
3.5 Telomerase 36
3.6 Notch 36
3.7 Hedgehog and Wnt 37
3.8 Bmi-1s 39
3.9 CSC-Targeting Viruses 39
3.10 Metastasis 40
3.11 MicroRNAs 40
3.12 CSC Markers 41
3.13 Drug Pipeline 46
Chapter 4 Diagnostics 61
Summary 63
4.1 Background 64
4.2 CSC Markers 64
Copyright BioPharm Reports 2008
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Cancer Stem Cells 2008
4.3 Circulating Tumour Cells 67
4.4 The Invasiveness Gene Signature 68
4.5 Microarrays 68
4.6 Hedgehog Activity 69
4.7 Sox 2 70
4.8 Other 71
Chapter 5 Emerging Markets and Opportunities 73
Summary 74
5.1 Drug Discovery 75
5.2 Diagnostics 79
5.3 Markets 80
Chapter 6 Patents 82
Summary 83
6.1 Patents 84
Chapter 7 Conclusions 94
71. Overview 95
7.2 Drug Discovery and Pipeline 96
7.3 Diagnostics 101
Appendix 1 102-108
List of Tables:
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Journal publications relating to Cancer Stem Cells, 2000–2006
Figure 2.2 Patents relating to Cancer Stem Cells, 1999–2006
Figure 2.3 Global academic research groups working on Cancer Stem Cells
Figure 4.1 Diagnostic strategies for the targeting of Cancer Stem Cells
Figure 5.1 Opportunities in the therapeutic targeting of Cancer Stem Cells
Figure 5.2 Opportunities relating to Cancer Stem Cell models
Figure 5.9 Sales (2004) and projected growth of targeted cancer therapies
Figure 6.1 Patents relating to Cancer Stem Cells, 1999–2007, by year
(Source: Delphion)
Figure 7.1 Development pipeline of candidate molecules that target CSCs
Figure 7.2 Potential strategies for the therapeutic targeting of Cancer Stem Cells
Figure 7.3 Challenges in the therapeutic targeting of Cancer Stem Cells
List of Tables
Table 2.1 Overview of the global CSC-targeting drug development pipeline
Table 3.1 Table 3.1 (a-e) CSC markers and potential drug targets currently in research and development ‡ = candidate in the drug development pipeline
Table 3.2 Development pipeline of CSC-targeting candidate drug molecules
Table 4.1 (a-b) CSC Markers