Nanotechnology:
Revolutionizing R&D to develop smarter therapeutics and diagnostics
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| Overview: | |
| Nanotechnologies have already attracted over $3bn of global government funding as part of efforts to enhance a range of disciplines including pharmaceuticals, drug delivery and healthcare monitoring. Advances in nanomaterials, nanostructures and nanosystems are expected to drive the value of the global nanotehnology market to over a trillion dollars by 2015, but many companies are remaining cautious, preferring to monitor developments in academia prior to making substantial investments. Despite such trepidation, the pharma industry is beginning to adopt nanotools throughout the R&D process to facilitate the high throughput screening of drug repositories, the identification of new drug targets and biomarkers for preclinical and clinical studies and the development of diagnostics and imaging agents. ‘Nanotechnology’ is a new report published by Business Insights that provides a comprehensive review of nanotechnology and it’s role in the development of next-generation nanomedicines. The nanotools and detection systems currently driving nanotechnology are profiled and the applications of nanotechnologies within the R&D process are assessed. This report measures the impact of nanotechnologies currently being applied to target cancer, cardiovascular disease and CNS disorders and also explores the implementation strategies of leading pharmaceutical, healthcare and nanotechnology start-ups. Use this new report to assess the future of nanotechnology within pharma R&D, identify the innovations driving growth within the market and examine the implementation strategies of leading companies. | |
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By Dr Cheryl Lee Barton / Publication Date: 2nd January 2008
Contents:
Table of Contents
Nanotechnology: Revolutionizing R&D to develop smarter therapeutics and diagnostics
Executive summary 10
Nanotechnology: driving change in pharmaceutical R&D 10
Nanotechnology: drug research & development 11
Nanotechnology: nanoformulations & nanocarriers 11
Nanotechnology: diagnostics & imaging 12
Nanotechnology: therapeutic applications 13
Nanotechnology: regulations, patents and scientific publications 14
Nanotechnology: challenges, opportunities & future applications 15
Chapter 1 Driving change in pharmaceutical R&D 18
Summary 18
Defining nanotechnology 19
Nanotechnology funding 21
Nanotechnology evolution 24
Nanotechnology in the pharma industry 26
Nanotechnology start-up companies 28
Nanotechnology in academia 31
Drivers of nanotechnology research 34
Report Outline 35
Chapter 2 Drug research & development 38
Summary 38
Introduction 39
Nanotechnology in drug discovery & development 40
Nanotools for drug discovery & development 40
Application of nanotools in drug discovery & development 42
Nanoscaffolding 42
Nanoarrays 43
BioForce Nanosciences 45
Nanogen 46
Nanotubes & nanosensors 46
Nano-Proprietary Inc 47
Carbon Nanotechnologies Inc 47
Nanowires & cantilevers 48
Microfluidic lab-on-a-chip 49
Caliper Life Sciences 50
Nanofluidic lab-on-a-chip 51
Quantum Dots 53
Evident Technologies 54
Biomarker Harvesting 54
Instruments for nanodetection and analysis 56
Atomic force microscopy 57
Surface Plasmon Resonance 59
Instruments for nanofabrication 61
Dip Pen Nanolithography (DPN) 62
Conclusions 64
Chapter 3 Nanoformulations & nanocarriers 66
Summary 66
Introduction 67
Leading companies in nanoformulations 68
Approved nanoformulations 69
Dendrimers 69
Liposomal formulations 71
Pegylated liposomal formulations 72
Nanocrystal formulations 73
Nanoparticle formulations 75
Developmental nanoformulations 77
Protein-stabilized liposomal formulations 77
Controlled-release liposomal formulations 78
New controlled-release nanoparticle and nanosphere formulations 78
Magnetic nanoparticle formulations 79
Novel nanomaterials for drug delivery 80
Nanobombs 80
Nanoshells 81
Nanotubes 82
Conclusions 84
Chapter 4 Diagnostics & imaging 86
Summary 86
Introduction 87
Nanoarrays 90
Cystalline nanoarrays 91
Nanodevices 92
Magnetic nanoparticles, nanocapsules and nanocells 95
Nanoparticle barcodes 96
Multifunctional nanoparticles and nanocells 99
Gold nanoparticles 100
Fluorescent nanoparticles 102
Fluorescent nanocrystals 104
Nanoscale contrast agents 105
Multiplex imaging agents/therapeutics 106
Conclusions 108
Chapter 5 Therapeutic applications 112
Summary 112
Introduction 113
Nanotechnology in cancer 114
Research 114
In Vivo imaging 115
Molecular imaging & diagnostics 115
Drug delivery 116
Cancer conclusions 118
Nanotechnology in cardiovascular disease 119
Therapeutic research 120
Molecular imaging & diagnostics 120
Tissue engineering & regenerative medicines 121
Medical devices 122
Drug delivery 124
Cardiovascular conclusions 125
Nanotechnology in CNS 126
Research & development 127
Diagnostics & imaging 128
Drug delivery 128
Neurodevices and nanowires 130
CNS conclusions 130
Overall conclusions 131
Chapter 6 Regulations, patents and scientific
publications 134
Summary 134
Nanotechnology Guidelines 135
Patentability and publications 141
Nanotechnology patents 141
Nanotechnology-based publications 144
Conclusions 146
Chapter 7 Challenges, opportunities and future
applications 148
Summary 148
Introduction 149
Challenges in adopting nanotechnology 150
Regulations 150
Legal, political and ethical issues 152
Public perception of nanotechnology 153
Multidisciplinary infrastructure 154
Intellectual property 154
Commerciality of existing nanotechnology and medicines 155
Opportunities for adopting nanotechnology 156
Product repositioning 156
New imaging agents for early disease detection 157
Point-of-care diagnostics 157
Personalized medicines 158
Implementing nanotechnology in the pharma industry 158
Competitive strategies 160
AstraZeneca 160
Bristol-Myers Squibb 161
GlaxoSmithKline 161
Novartis 163
Roche 163
Pfizer 164
Elan Corporation 164
Genentech 165
GE Healthcare 166
Siemens Medical Solutions 166
Abraxis BioSciences 166
pSividia Limited 167
StarPharma Holdings Ltd 168
Alliances & licensing 168
Future impact of nanotechnology on drug discovery & development 171
Chapter 8
Appendix 176
Glossary 176
Bibliography 182
Index 184
Endnotes 186
List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Nanometer scale 20
Figure 1.2: Top-down and bottom-up nanotechnology approach 21
Figure 1.3: Applications of nanotechnology 22
Figure 1.4: Global nanotechnology funding, 2003 23
Figure 1.5: Global nanotechnology market by 2015 24
Figure 1.6: Evolution of nanotechnology 2000-2020 25
Figure 1.7: Evolution of the nanotechnology market 26
Figure 1.8: Nanotechnology applications in the pharma industry 27
Figure 2.9: Nanotechnology innovating the R&D process 39
Figure 2.10: Applications of nanotechnologies in drug discovery & development 40
Figure 2.11: TEM of native collagen fibers and nanoscaffolding 42
Figure 2.12: Array of probes on nanoarray 44
Figure 2.13: Bead Nanoarrays from NanoVic 45
Figure 2.14: NanoChip® 400 System 46
Figure 2.15: Nanosensors for analyte detection 47
Figure 2.16: Nanowires and cantilevers for nanodetection and multiplexing 49
Figure 2.17: Scanning electron microscope image of a five-nozzle M3 emitter 52
Figure 2.18: Evolution of microfluidics and nanofluidics in the pharma industry 53
Figure 2.19: Nanoparticle bioconjugate harvesting platform 55
Figure 2.20: Schematic of ATM technology 58
Figure 2.21: AFM images measuring real-time cell activity 59
Figure 2.22: Schematic of SPR technology 60
Figure 2.23: Schematic of DPN technology and its applications 62
Figure 3.24: Nanoformulations driving drug delivery 67
Figure 3.25: Dendrimer structure 70
Figure 3.26: Dendrimer delivery platform 70
Figure 3.27: DauxoXome® liposomal formulation 72
Figure 3.28: Doxil® liposomal formulation versus non-liposomal formulation 73
Figure 3.29: Enhanced bioavailability and absorption rate with Nanocrystals technology 74
Figure 3.30: Abraxane nab technology - Photosphere 75
Figure 3.31: Micellar nanoparticles (MNP) 76
Figure 3.32: Controlled-release liposomal formulations 78
Figure 3.33: Fullerene structures A) C-60 and B) C-70 81
Figure 3.34: AuroLase™ treated mice versus sham treatment 82
Figure 3.35: Carbon nanotubes 83
Figure 4.36: Nanotechnologies advancing diagnostics and imaging 89
Figure 4.37: ViriChip™ Virus Detection Platform 90
Figure 4.38: S-layer technology platform 91
Figure 4.39: Sensation™ Virus Detection Platform 93
Figure 4.40: BioNanoChannel ™ Bacterial Detection Platform 94
Figure 4.41: Biobarcode assays for the detection of PSA 97
Figure 4.42: Biosensor biobarcode 98
Figure 4.43: Oxonica’s Nanoplex™ biotag and POC diagnostic 99
Figure 4.44: AuroVist™ microCT image 101
Figure 4.45: NanoStrings™ Nanoparticle Barcoding 102
Figure 4.46: Schematic of fluorescent A) lanthanide structure and B) lanthanide nanoparticles 103
Figure 4.47: QDot Nanocrystal Structure 104
Figure 4.48: TriLite™ Emission Spectra 105
Figure 4.49: Viral Capsids as imaging carriers 106
Figure 4.50: Multifunctional nanocarriers for detection, diagnosis and treatment 107
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Figure 4.51: Nanotechnology improving molecular detection and diagnosis of cancer 108
Figure 5.52: Application of nanotechnology in cancer, cardiovascular and CNS disorders 113
Figure 5.53: Cyberkinetic’s brain gate 130
Figure 6.54: Federal regulators addressing different aspects of nanotechnology 136
Figure 6.55: Japanese Governmental System for Science & Technology 140
Figure 6.56: Worldwide nanopatents 1995-2003 142
Figure 6.57: Worldwide nanopatents by region of applicant and inventor 143
Figure 6.58: Worldwide nanoscientific publications per world region 144
Figure 6.59: Worldwide nanoscientific publications per country and subfield 1999-2004 145
Figure 7.60: Future impact of nanotools on pharmaceuticals and healthcare 149
Figure 7.61: Health care trends to 2020 - GlaxoSmithKline 162
List of Tables:
List of Tables
Table 1.1: Leading nanotechnology start-up companies 28
Table 1.2: Leading nanotechnology institutes, forums and networking organizations 32
Table 2.3: Key attributes of PuraMatrix versus other ECMs 43
Table 2.4: Leading Lab-on-Chip (LOC) and microfluidic manufacturers 50
Table 2.5: Leading manufacturers of QDots 54
Table 2.6: Advantages of DPN versus other top-down and bottom-up fabrication technologies 63
Table 3.7: Approved nanoformulations 68
Table 3.8: Leading nanoformulation companies 69
Table 4.9: Leading diagnostics and imaging companies evaluating nanotechnology 88
Table 5.10: Nano-enabled delivery system for cancer therapeutics 117
Table 5.11: Approved & developmental cancer nanomedicines 118
Table 5.12: Nanotechnology application in cardiovascular devices 124
Table 5.13: Nano-enabled delivery system under evaluation for cardiovascular therapies 125
Table 5.14: Nano-enabled delivery system under evaluation for CNS therapies 129
Table 7.15: Recent alliances and licensing deals in nanotechnology 169